Science Atlas

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Instruments

Photometer

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A photometer is an instrument for measuring photometric quantities such as luminous flux, illuminance or luminance, widely used in astronomy and lighting science.

Facts
Open Questions
Resolution
Not stated as a numeric figure in the cited source. 1
The cited source gives no numeric sensitivity or resolution figures for photometers generally; it describes visual comparison and photon-counting methods without stating detection thresholds.
Operating Range
Not stated as a numeric figure in the cited source. 1
The cited source gives no numeric light-intensity range for photometers generally, only historical method descriptions and a detector time-resolution figure unrelated to intensity range.
Measures
Luminous flux, illuminance or luminance. 1
Operating Principle
Detects light by converting it into an electric current using a photoresistor, photodiode or photomultiplier; several rival mechanical and electrical designs were already in common use by the 1860s. 1
Cross-Tradition Connections

Invented By

One of several early photometer designs in common use by 1861, alongside Ritchie's photometer and shadow extinction methods; no single fixed invention year is established for the instrument class.

Used In

Chemistry, Disciplines

The photometer is a principal instrument in analytical chemistry.

Sources
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaLead section
Quote, Lead section
A photometer is an instrument for measuring photometric quantities such as luminous flux, illuminance, or luminance.
View the Source
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaOverview section
Quote, Overview section
Most photometers detect the light with photoresistors, photodiodes or photomultipliers.
View the Source
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHistory sectionView the Source
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaPhoton counting sectionView the Source
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaInvented By: Benjamin Thompson, Count RumfordView the Source
1. Photometer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaUsed In: Chemistry, Applications section
Quote, Used In: Chemistry, Applications section
The photometer has become one of the principal instruments in biochemistry and analytical chemistry.
View the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
When was the photometer invented, and by whom?

Wikipedia's Photometer article states three photometer types (Rumford's, Ritchie's, and shadow-extinction types) were already in common use by 1861, but names no invention year or event for the instrument itself. The existing invented edge already credits Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), but neither his own Wikipedia biography nor the Photometer or Photometry (optics) articles state a year. A web search found a plausible date, Rumford's 1794 paper in Philosophical Transactions vol. 84, but the corroborating page (Citizendium) returned HTTP 403 and was not visited, so it is not citable under the quote-capture duty.

What would resolve this A fetchable, quotable page (not blocked) that states the year Rumford, Ritchie or an earlier figure such as Bouguer or Lambert first built or described a working photometer, ideally naming the specific publication (Rumford's 1794 Philosophical Transactions paper is the leading candidate).
History of sciencePhotometer (Wikipedia)
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